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Canada in NORAD, 1957-2007A History |
What continental air defence has meant to the Canadian air force and Canadian airspace and territory.
At its creation in 1957, NORAD was given operational control over the vast U.S. and Canadian continental air defence forces. Canada in NORAD, 1957-2007 follows Canadian involvement in the binational command as the threat shifted from Soviet bombers to ballistic missiles to terrorist-highjacked aircraft. It focuses particularly on what continental air defence has meant for the Canadian air force and for Canadian airspace and territory. It also looks at the differing Canadian and U.S. conceptions of NORAD's role in warning of nuclear attack, and the implications of Ottawa's decisions not to participate in missile defence. It examines the place of Canadians within NORAD as it exercised operational control over Canadian and U.S. forces, which were equipped for years with nuclear air defence weapons, as well as the command's impact on Canadian sovereignty. Finally, it outlines what Ottawa sought to achieve in the NORAD agreements with Washington, from the first one in 1958 to the most recent.
Details
Part of the Queen's Policy Studies Series (number 115 in series)
240 Pages, 6 x 9
Queen's Centre for International Relations
ISBN 9781553391357
October 2007
Formats: Cloth, Paperback
"Canada in NORAD is well written and documented, and the use of Canadian sources is particularly strong." Dwight N. Mason, International Journal
Joseph T. Jockel is professor and director of Canadian studies at St Lawrence University, Canton, New York, and the author of several books, including No Boundaries Upstairs: Canada, the United States, and the Origins of North American Air Defense, 1945-1958.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
LIST OF RECURRING ABBREVIATIONS ix
INTRODUCTION: NORAD'S TWO FOUNDING DATES 1
CHAPTER ONE: AIR DEFENCE, THE 1957 COMMAND, AND THE 1958 AGREEMENT 9
Intertwined air defences 9
From CINCADCANUS to NORAD 20
NORAD, CONAD, and the Canadians, 1957-58 25
The 1958 NORAD agreement and its secret counterpart 30
CHAPTER TWO: AIR TURBULENCE, 1958-1968 43
Arrow, Bomarc, SAGE, and Voodoo 43
The relationship goes sour: nuclear air defence weapons in Canada 49
Delayed alert: the Cuban missile crisis 54
Nuclear resolution 60
The changing and expanding threat 66
The 1968 renewal: aerospace doubts on both sides 73
CHAPTER THREE: TRUDEAU AND AEROSPACE DEFENCE, 1968-1981 83
Sovereignty and "stable mutual deterrence" 83
The 1973 renewal and the Yom Kippur alert 89
Warning and assessment, and the 1975 renewal 93
Air defence planning 98
NORAD and ADCOM; Trudeau and COSMOS 954 102
The 1980 and 1981 renewals: North American Aerospace Defence Command 108
CHAPTER FOUR: FROM STAR WARS TO THE WAR ON DRUGS,
1981-1991 115
The best defence 115
Air defence modernization and SDI 120
US Space Command and the 1986 renewal 1 28
Canadians in and out: ADI and aerospace defence planning 134
Drugs and the 1991 renewal 138
CHAPTER FIVE: A COMMAND IN SEARCH OF POST COLD WAR ROLES, 1991-2001 145
"A very uncertain future for NORAD" 145
Global protection, world-wide warning, and the 1996 renewal 147
Asymmetry: space surveillance and missile defence 154
Sudden renewal, 2000-2001 159
CHAPTER SIX: HOMELAND DEFENCE, 2001-2006 165
9111 and Operation Noble Eagle 65
"Part of' missile defence 171
USNORTHCOM, Canada COM -and NORAD 177
"In perpetuity": the 2006 renewal 182
CONCLUSION: CANADA IN NORAD AT 50 187
Warning and assessment 187
Operational control 190
A channel 194
APPENDIX: MAPS 199
INDEX 211
LIST OF RECURRING ABBREVIATIONS ix
INTRODUCTION: NORAD'S TWO FOUNDING DATES 1
CHAPTER ONE: AIR DEFENCE, THE 1957 COMMAND, AND THE 1958 AGREEMENT 9
Intertwined air defences 9
From CINCADCANUS to NORAD 20
NORAD, CONAD, and the Canadians, 1957-58 25
The 1958 NORAD agreement and its secret counterpart 30
CHAPTER TWO: AIR TURBULENCE, 1958-1968 43
Arrow, Bomarc, SAGE, and Voodoo 43
The relationship goes sour: nuclear air defence weapons in Canada 49
Delayed alert: the Cuban missile crisis 54
Nuclear resolution 60
The changing and expanding threat 66
The 1968 renewal: aerospace doubts on both sides 73
CHAPTER THREE: TRUDEAU AND AEROSPACE DEFENCE, 1968-1981 83
Sovereignty and "stable mutual deterrence" 83
The 1973 renewal and the Yom Kippur alert 89
Warning and assessment, and the 1975 renewal 93
Air defence planning 98
NORAD and ADCOM; Trudeau and COSMOS 954 102
The 1980 and 1981 renewals: North American Aerospace Defence Command 108
CHAPTER FOUR: FROM STAR WARS TO THE WAR ON DRUGS,
1981-1991 115
The best defence 115
Air defence modernization and SDI 120
US Space Command and the 1986 renewal 1 28
Canadians in and out: ADI and aerospace defence planning 134
Drugs and the 1991 renewal 138
CHAPTER FIVE: A COMMAND IN SEARCH OF POST COLD WAR ROLES, 1991-2001 145
"A very uncertain future for NORAD" 145
Global protection, world-wide warning, and the 1996 renewal 147
Asymmetry: space surveillance and missile defence 154
Sudden renewal, 2000-2001 159
CHAPTER SIX: HOMELAND DEFENCE, 2001-2006 165
9111 and Operation Noble Eagle 65
"Part of' missile defence 171
USNORTHCOM, Canada COM -and NORAD 177
"In perpetuity": the 2006 renewal 182
CONCLUSION: CANADA IN NORAD AT 50 187
Warning and assessment 187
Operational control 190
A channel 194
APPENDIX: MAPS 199
INDEX 211
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