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EUROPEANHISTORYMIGRATIONSTUDIESHISTORYSOCIALSCIENCESSPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS18151914donaldharmanakenson18591914martins.staumLabelingPeopleFrenchScholarsonSocietyRaceandEmpire18151848MinervasMessageStabilizingtheFrenchRevolutionJune2011October2011332011MQUPFALLAcomparativehistoryofEuropeanemigration.ThedilemmasofearlyFrenchsocialscientistsinclinedtostresseitherheredityorenvironmentbutforcedtoconcedetheinuenceofboth.978-0-7735-3957-065.00SCDN65.00SUScloth6x9320ppNorthAmericanrightsMcGill-QueensStudiesintheHistoryofIdeas978-0-7735-3892-495.00SCDN95.00SUS71.00cloth6x9256pp6bwphotosThisbookistheproductofDonaldAkensonsdecadesofresearchandwritingonIrishsocialhistoryanditsrelationshiptotheIrishdiasporaitisalsotheproductofalifetimeoftryingtogureoutwhereSwedish-Americaactuallycamefromandwhy.ThesetwomattersAkensonshowsareintimatelyre-lated.IrelandandSwedeneachprovideatightcasestudyofalargerphenome-nononethatforbetterorworseshapedthemodernworldtheGreatEuropeanDiasporaofthetruenineteenthcentury.AkensonsbookpartscompanywiththegreatbulkofrecentemigrationresearchbyemployingsharptransnationalcomparisonsandbysituatingthetwocasestudiesinthelargercontextoftheGreatEuropeanMigrationandofwhatdeterminesthephysicsofadiasporanosmallmatterastheconceptofdiasporahasbecomecentraltotwenty-rst-centurytransnationalstudies.Hearguesagainsttheincreasingrefusalofmainstreamhistorianstouseempiricaldatabasesthatthehistorycommunitystillhasalottolearnfromeconomichistoriansandsimultaneouslythatdespitetheself-condenceoftheirpro-ponentsnarroweconomicallybasedexplanationsoftheGreatEuropeanMigrationleaveoutmanyofthemostimportantaspectsofthewholecomplextransaction.Akensonbelievesthatcultureandeconomicmattersbothcountandthatleavingeitheroneonthemarginsofexplanationyieldsnovalidexplanationatall.isDouglasProfessorofCanadianandColonialHistoryatQueensUniversity.Therelativeimportanceofheredityorenvironmentalinuenceremainsanenduringhotlydebatedissuewhilethelegacyofscienticracismandsexismstilltarnishesthetwenty-rstcentury.ThisuniquestudyanalyzeshowtheoriesofinheriteddifferenceincludingraceandgenderaffectedFrenchsocialscientistsinthelate-nineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.TheprevailingassumptionhasbeenthatFrenchethnographershighlightedtheculturalandsocialenvironmentwhileanthropologistsemphasizedthescienticstudyofheadandbodyshapes.MartinStaumshowsthatthetemptationtogravitatetowardsonepoleofthenature-nurturecontinuumoftenresultedinreluctantconcessionstotheotherside.PsychologistsThoduleRibotandAlfredBinetforexamplewereforcedtorecognizetheimportanceofsocialfactors.Non-Durkheimiansociologistsweredividedontheissueofraceandgenderasprogressiveandtolerantattitudesonracedidnotnecessarilycorrelatewithexibleattitudesongender.RecognizingthisallowsStaumtoraisequestionsaboutthetheoryoftheequivalenceofallmarginalizedgroups.Anthropologicalinstitutionsre-organizedbeforetheFirstWorldWarsometimesshoweddecreasingcondenceinracialtheorybutfailedtoabandonitcompletely.StaumschillingepiloguediscusseshowthepersistentlegacyofsuchtheorieswasusedbyextremistanthropologistsoutsidethemainstreamtodeployracialideologyasabasisofpersecutionintheVichyera.isprofessoremeritusofhistoryUniversityofCalgaryandauthorofand.IrelandSwedenandtheGreatEuropeanMigrationNatureandNurtureinFrenchSocialSciencesandBeyondDonaldHarmanAkensonMartinS.Staum