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Enemy ArchivesSoviet Counterinsurgency Operations and the Ukrainian Nationalist Movement – Selections from the Secret Police Archives |
eBook Available
The Ukrainian nationalist movement through KGB eyes.
As Russia wages a twenty-first-century war against the very existence of a Ukrainian state and nation, reanimating Soviet-era propaganda that portrayed Ukrainians as Nazi collaborators and fascists, the experiences of the Ukrainian nationalist underground before, during, and after the Second World War gain new significance.
While engaged in a decades-long struggle against the Ukrainian nationalist movement and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and lasting into the mid-1950s, Soviet counterinsurgency forces accumulated a comprehensive and extensive archive of documents captured from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the UPA. Volodymyr Viatrovych and Lubomyr Luciuk have curated and carefully annotated a selection of these documents in Enemy Archives, providing primary sources the Soviet authorities collected and deemed useful for better understanding their opponents and so securing their destruction, a campaign that ultimately failed.
The documents seized from the insurgents and Soviet analyses of them shed light on a wide range of experiences in the underground: how the movement struggled to maintain discipline and morale, how it dealt with suspected informers, and how it resisted the ruthless Soviet state, laying the foundations for the continuing Ukrainian struggle against foreign domination.
While engaged in a decades-long struggle against the Ukrainian nationalist movement and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and lasting into the mid-1950s, Soviet counterinsurgency forces accumulated a comprehensive and extensive archive of documents captured from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the UPA. Volodymyr Viatrovych and Lubomyr Luciuk have curated and carefully annotated a selection of these documents in Enemy Archives, providing primary sources the Soviet authorities collected and deemed useful for better understanding their opponents and so securing their destruction, a campaign that ultimately failed.
The documents seized from the insurgents and Soviet analyses of them shed light on a wide range of experiences in the underground: how the movement struggled to maintain discipline and morale, how it dealt with suspected informers, and how it resisted the ruthless Soviet state, laying the foundations for the continuing Ukrainian struggle against foreign domination.
Details
1048 Pages, 6.25 x 9.25
8 maps, 5 tables
ISBN 9780228014669
February 2023
Formats: Cloth, eBook
“Enemy Archives takes on the work of revealing previously unknown historical documents. In dealing with topics such as Ukrainian modern nationalism, the Soviet legacy, and collective memory, this work is especially timely and important.” Volodymyr Kravchenko, University of Alberta and author of The Ukrainian-Russian Borderland: History versus Geography
Volodymyr Viatrovych is a member of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and a recipient of the President of Ukraine’s Cross of Ivan Mazepa.
Lubomyr Luciuk is professor of political geography at the Royal Military College of Canada, a fellow of the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto, and a recipient of the President of Ukraine’s Cross of Ivan Mazepa.
Lubomyr Luciuk is professor of political geography at the Royal Military College of Canada, a fellow of the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto, and a recipient of the President of Ukraine’s Cross of Ivan Mazepa.
Illustrations follow pages 396 and 780
Maps follow page 12
Acknowledgments xv
Translator’s Note xix
Introduction 3
Part One: The Programmatic Principles of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement and the Political Decisions of the Leadership
Chapter 1 | the ideological evolution of the organization of ukrainian nationalists (oun), 1929-50
1 Resolutions of the First Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (February 1929) 51
2 Manifesto of the Revolutionary Leadership of the OUN (December 1940) 60
3 Resolutions of the Second Grand Assembly of the OUN (April 1941) 63
4 Resolutions of the Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly of the OUN (August 1943) 86
5 Leaflet: What the UPA Is Fighting For 102
6 Platform of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (UHVR) 105
7 The Universal of the UHVR 109
8 The UHVR’s Structure 112
9 Declaration of the OUN leadership at the End of the Second World War in Europe 117
10 Clarifications and Addenda to the Programmatic Resolutions of the Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly of the OUN 131
Chapter 2 | political resolutions and decisions of the oun leadership, 1941-52
11 Guidelines for the First Days of the Organization of State Life 136
12 Report on the Act Restoring Ukrainian Statehood 148
13 Resolutions of the Second Conference of the OUN Leadership 151
14 Leaflet: The Partisan Movement and Our Attitude to It 160
15 Resolutions of the Third Conference of the OUN Leadership 163
16 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1945) 172
17 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1946) 180
18 Instructions: Possible Outbreak of the Third World War (ca. 1946) 203
19 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1947) 205
20 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1948) 216
21 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1949) 235
22 Order of UPA’s Supreme Commander on Cessation of UPA Activities (1949) 248
23 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1950) 249
24 Instructions: Possible Outbreak of the Third World War (1950) 260
25 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1951) 265
26 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1952) 268
Part Two: The Struggle of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, 1940-50
Chapter 3 | the formation of the ukrainian insurgent army (upa), tactics and training
27 Order of the UPA Command in Volyn on Self-Defence in Villages 275
28 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on UPA Structures 277
29 Instructions of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Ranks and Grades 280
30 Order of Commander of UPA-West on Ukrainian People’s Self-Defence 283
31 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Headquarters 285
32 Guidelines of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Activities 287
33 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Distinctions 290
34 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ about Oath 293
35 Addendum to Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Swearing Oath 295
36 Instruction: Political Training in the Ranks of the UPA 297
37 Instruction: Tactics of the UPA’s Struggle - Guerrilla Warfare 307
38 Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Staff Training Program 358
39 Order: Training Camp Routine 365
Chapter 4 | directives of the insurgent authorities
40 Directive of UPA Commander on Military Field Courts and Revolutionary Tribunals 367
41 Directive of UPA Supreme Command on the Land Question 370
42 Directive of UPA Supreme Command on Ukraine’s Territorial Administration 372
Chapter 5 | the oun security service (sb oun)
43 Record of Interrogation of NKVD Agent, Vasyl Ohorodnyk 375
44 Guidelines for Activities of the OUN’s SB 379
45 Directive on Banning Alcohol Use by UPA Soldiers and Underground Members 382
46 Report on Terrorist Acts of SB Fighting Groups in the Kalush Area 385
47 List of Individuals Liquidated by the SB 387
48 Pledge to Cooperate with the SB 388
49 Instruction: On the Application of Punishments for OUN Members 389
50 Instruction: On the Safeguarding of SB Archives 391
Chapter 6 | other structures of the liberation movement
51 Order of UPA Commander on the Ukrainian Red Cross 397
52 Instruction: Organization of the UPA’s Military Field Gendarmerie (VPZh) 399
53 Guidelines for Organizing the Underground’s Food Supply 405
54 Order of OUN Carpathian Krai Leader on Relationship between the OUN and the UPA 409
55 Order on Establishment of Relations between UPA Units and the OUN Network 411
56 Guidelines for Organizing Communications in the Underground 413
Chapter 7 | resistance to the german occupation
57 OUN Leaflet: What We Reproach the Germans For 420
58 German Anti-Insurgent Leaflet: Moscow Is Issuing Orders to the OUN 422
59 Appeal of the German Police to Population of Volyn 423
60 Information on UPA Actions in Volyn in the Spring of 1943 424
61 Report on Raid by Hordiienko’s UPA Unit into the Zhytomyr Region 427
62 Order of the UPA Command in Volyn concerning Defence against the Germans 429
63 Announcement about the Liquidation of the German Agent, Yurii Sokolovsky 431
64 Report on Battles between the Trembita Training Camp and the Germans 432
65 Description of a Battle between German Units and the UPA (and Azerbaijanis) 434
66 Report on German Roundup at Ivan Franko Theatre in Stanyslaviv 435
67 Report on the Battle between the Chorni Chorty Group and the Germans 443
68 Instruction: Change in Fighting Tactics and Shifting Fronts 445
69 Guidelines of the German Command towards the UPA 447
70 German Executions of OUN Members 449
71 Report on UPA Battles against the Germans in the Vinnytsia Region 452
72 Extract from Indictment of a UPA Battalion Commander for Collaborating with Germans 454
73 About Relations between the UPA Unit Commanded by Maksym Skorupsky and the Germans 456
74 Information on Correspondence between Ukrainian Insurgents and Germans in Trostianets 458
75 Announcement about German Action against the UPA in the Rava-Ruska Okruha 460
76 Report on the UPA’s Anti-German Actions in the Volodymyr Area 462
77 Report on the Battles between Vasyl Andrusiak’s Battalion and the Germans 465
Chapter 8 | the polish-ukrainian conflict
78 Report on Combat Operations Carried Out by UPA Units in July 1943 466
79 Order of the OUN Krai Leadership on the Suspension of Anti-Polish Actions 468
80 Announcement about the Ukrainian-Polish Conflict in Liuboml Raion 469
81 Report on Anti-Polish Action in the Village of Hanachiv 471
82 Testimony on the Destruction of the Ukrainian Village of Sahryn by AK Troops 473
83 Reports on Anti-Polish Actions in Stanyslaviv Region 475
84 Report on Anti-Polish Actions in the Rava-Ruska Area 478
85 Villages in the Hrubeshiv Area Destroyed by Polish Units 482
86 Report on Anti-Polish Actions in the Drohobych Area 484
87 Fragment from a Political Report from the Lviv Region 486
88 Record of Negotiations with the Poles in the Stanyslaviv Region 489
89 Order of the OUN Leader in Zakerzonnia against Deportation of Ukrainians 491
90 Report on a Meeting between the UPA and the ak in the Kholm Region 493
91 Report on the Destruction of the Village of Zavadka Morakhivska bythe Polish Army 502
92 Report on Joint Action of UPA Units and Wolnos´c´ i Niezawisłos´c´ against Hrubeshiv 506
93 Letter of OUN Raion Leader on Deportation of Ukrainians during Operation Vistula 513
Chapter 9 | the ukrainian underground’s resistance to soviet rule
94 Operational Order of UPA Command on the Struggle under Soviet Occupation 515
95 Report on the Battle of Hurby (1944) 519
96 Information about the Soviet Home Front in the Second Half of May 1944 526
97 Report of the Commander of UPA-West about the Shifting Front 530
98 Report on Battles Fought by the UPA Units in Subcarpathia 534
99 Report on a Surprise Attack on Radekhiv by a UPA Unit 535
100 Report on the UPA Activities in Chorny Lis 537
101 Extract from NKVD Report about Insurgent Ambush of Leading Communist Party Members 541
102 Report on an Attack on the City of Probizhna by the UPA 544
103 Report on the Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Village of Ilemia 546
104 Report on Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Nadvirna Area 547
105 Extract from: On the Combat Operations of the UPA and the Armed Underground in the Ukrainian Lands under Muscovite-Bolshevik Occupation, August 1946-August 1947 548
106 Extract from: On the Combat Operations of the UPA and the Armed Underground in the Ukrainian Lands under Muscovite-Bolshevik Occupation, from January to June 1948 596
Chapter 10 | propaganda activities of the ukrainian underground
107 Leaflet: Volunteers in German Military Units 645
108 Leaflet-Appeal: Georgians and Other Peoples of the Caucasus 646
109 Leaflet-Appeal: Comrades, Russian Red Army Soldiers 647
110 Leaflet-Appeal: Ukrainians, Fighters and Commanders of the Red Army 649
111 Leaflet-Appeal: Fighters and Commanders of the Red Army 652
112 Leaflet: Poles 654
113 Instruction of OUN Leadership on Boycott of Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 657
114 Instruction: Concerning Some Political-Propaganda Errors 659
115 “Will the Atomic Bomb Save England? A Response to Churchill”: Article by Yaroslav Starukh 667
116 Instruction: “Facing the East” - Propaganda in Central and Eastern Ukraine 676
117 Leaflet: Peasants of Western Ukraine 680
118 Report on the 1947 Raid by the UPA into the American Occupation Zone of Germany 683
119 Appeal of the Underground Leadership to the Ukrainian Emigration (1949) 692
120 Report on a UPA Raid into Romanian Territory (1949) 703
121 Leaflet: Jews - Citizens of Ukraine 720
122 Announcement about the Underground’s Attitude towards Employees of the Soviet Administration 727
123 Appeal of the UHVR to Peoples of Central and Southern Europe and the Baltic Region 730
124 Order by the UPA Supreme Commander on the Tenth Anniversary of the UPA 739
125 Appeal Issued by the Supreme Commander of the UPA 743
Part Three: Soviet Security Organs and the Struggle against the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, 1940-50
Chapter 11 | command assessments of the upa’s struggle
126 Order by People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Lavrentiy Beria on Repression of Families of Members of the Underground (1944) 755
127 Order concerning Measures on the Intensification of the Struggle against the OUN Underground and the Liquidation of Armed OUN Gangs in the Western Oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR 757
128 Information on the Activities of NKVD Agent Drozd 763
129 Order by People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR: On Additional Measures in the Struggle against OUN and UPA Banditry on the Territory of Stanyslaviv Oblast 766
130 Reminiscences of Stryisky about His Arrest and Imprisonment (1945) 769
131 Extract from Report on the Special Groups by the NKVD’s Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry of the Ukrainian ssr, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 781
132 Extract from Report on the Anti-UPA Stanyslaviv Operation Prepared by the Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 784
133 Guidelines to Heads of NKVD Directorates in Western Oblasts concerning the Struggle against OUN Agents in Soviet Institutions 790
134 Yulia Sholohon’s Pledge to Collaborate with the NKVD 792
135 Guidelines Issued to Heads of NKVD Directorates in Western Oblasts concerning the Struggle against the OUN in the Cities 794
136 Extract from a Report on the Operation to Capture the OUN Leader of Bukovyna by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 796
137 Extract from a Report on the Increase in the Number of Soviet Agents Enlisted in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground, Prepared by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditr(July-September 1945) 801
138 Extract from a Report on the Number of Soviet Agents Enlisted in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground, Preparted by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry (September-December 1945) 803
139 Extract from a Report Prepared by the Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry of the NKVD concerning the Main Tasks for the First Quarter of 1946 (September-December 1945) 806
140 Information on Chekist-Military Operations in Late 1945 807
141 Operational Announcement about Results of the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground in the Lviv Region as of 1 March 1946 809
142 Special Announcement about the Failure of NKVD Agent Aprelskaia 819
143 Information from the Ukrainian Underground: The Tactics and Methods of the NKVD and NKGB 824
144 Announcement about the Killing of the Head of the OUN’s SB, Mykola Arsenych (“Mykhailo”) 830
145 Ukrainian Underground’s Report on Mass Deportations during Operation Zapad 833
146 Extract from Report on Results of the Struggle against the Nationalist Underground and the Arrest of UHVR President, Kyrylo Osmak (1948) 841
147 Plan of Intelligence-Operational Measures to Liquidate Members of the OUN Leadership 845
148 The Underground’s Announcement about an MGB Roundup in the Rohatyn Area 851
149 Description of the Hideout of “Loboda,” Leader of the Kamianka-Buzka Nadraion 853
150 Violations of Soviet Laws by MGB Organs during the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground 855
151 Information on the Number of Soviet Agents Searching for the OUN Leadership 858
152 Information on the Killing of the UPA’s Supreme Commander, Roman Shukhevych (1950) 859
153 MGB Guidelines for Preparation/Use of Fake Photographs of Ukrainian Underground Members 872
154 Minutes of MGB Meeting on “Fighting Groups” in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground 873
155 MGB Information on the Ukrainian Underground’s Change of Tactics 898
156 MGB Information on OUN Attempts to Expand Activities beyond Western Ukraine 912
157 Extract from a Special MGB Report on the Liquidation of Osyp, a Courier (1951) 917
158 MGB Information on the Propaganda Activities of the Nationalist Underground 921
159 Information on the Capture of Courier Petro Styranka (“Maksym”) - (1951) 924
160 Report on the Capture of the Last Leader of the Ukrainian Underground, Vasyl Kuk (“Lemish/Koval”) - (1954) 926
161 Extract from a KGB Report on the Struggle against the Ukrainian
Underground, 1944-55 937
Glossary 943
Index 947
Maps follow page 12
Acknowledgments xv
Translator’s Note xix
Introduction 3
Part One: The Programmatic Principles of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement and the Political Decisions of the Leadership
Chapter 1 | the ideological evolution of the organization of ukrainian nationalists (oun), 1929-50
1 Resolutions of the First Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (February 1929) 51
2 Manifesto of the Revolutionary Leadership of the OUN (December 1940) 60
3 Resolutions of the Second Grand Assembly of the OUN (April 1941) 63
4 Resolutions of the Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly of the OUN (August 1943) 86
5 Leaflet: What the UPA Is Fighting For 102
6 Platform of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (UHVR) 105
7 The Universal of the UHVR 109
8 The UHVR’s Structure 112
9 Declaration of the OUN leadership at the End of the Second World War in Europe 117
10 Clarifications and Addenda to the Programmatic Resolutions of the Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly of the OUN 131
Chapter 2 | political resolutions and decisions of the oun leadership, 1941-52
11 Guidelines for the First Days of the Organization of State Life 136
12 Report on the Act Restoring Ukrainian Statehood 148
13 Resolutions of the Second Conference of the OUN Leadership 151
14 Leaflet: The Partisan Movement and Our Attitude to It 160
15 Resolutions of the Third Conference of the OUN Leadership 163
16 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1945) 172
17 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1946) 180
18 Instructions: Possible Outbreak of the Third World War (ca. 1946) 203
19 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1947) 205
20 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1948) 216
21 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1949) 235
22 Order of UPA’s Supreme Commander on Cessation of UPA Activities (1949) 248
23 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1950) 249
24 Instructions: Possible Outbreak of the Third World War (1950) 260
25 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1951) 265
26 Decisions of the Conference of the OUN Leadership (1952) 268
Part Two: The Struggle of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, 1940-50
Chapter 3 | the formation of the ukrainian insurgent army (upa), tactics and training
27 Order of the UPA Command in Volyn on Self-Defence in Villages 275
28 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on UPA Structures 277
29 Instructions of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Ranks and Grades 280
30 Order of Commander of UPA-West on Ukrainian People’s Self-Defence 283
31 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Headquarters 285
32 Guidelines of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Activities 287
33 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Military Distinctions 290
34 Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ about Oath 293
35 Addendum to Order of UPA Supreme Military HQ on Swearing Oath 295
36 Instruction: Political Training in the Ranks of the UPA 297
37 Instruction: Tactics of the UPA’s Struggle - Guerrilla Warfare 307
38 Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Staff Training Program 358
39 Order: Training Camp Routine 365
Chapter 4 | directives of the insurgent authorities
40 Directive of UPA Commander on Military Field Courts and Revolutionary Tribunals 367
41 Directive of UPA Supreme Command on the Land Question 370
42 Directive of UPA Supreme Command on Ukraine’s Territorial Administration 372
Chapter 5 | the oun security service (sb oun)
43 Record of Interrogation of NKVD Agent, Vasyl Ohorodnyk 375
44 Guidelines for Activities of the OUN’s SB 379
45 Directive on Banning Alcohol Use by UPA Soldiers and Underground Members 382
46 Report on Terrorist Acts of SB Fighting Groups in the Kalush Area 385
47 List of Individuals Liquidated by the SB 387
48 Pledge to Cooperate with the SB 388
49 Instruction: On the Application of Punishments for OUN Members 389
50 Instruction: On the Safeguarding of SB Archives 391
Chapter 6 | other structures of the liberation movement
51 Order of UPA Commander on the Ukrainian Red Cross 397
52 Instruction: Organization of the UPA’s Military Field Gendarmerie (VPZh) 399
53 Guidelines for Organizing the Underground’s Food Supply 405
54 Order of OUN Carpathian Krai Leader on Relationship between the OUN and the UPA 409
55 Order on Establishment of Relations between UPA Units and the OUN Network 411
56 Guidelines for Organizing Communications in the Underground 413
Chapter 7 | resistance to the german occupation
57 OUN Leaflet: What We Reproach the Germans For 420
58 German Anti-Insurgent Leaflet: Moscow Is Issuing Orders to the OUN 422
59 Appeal of the German Police to Population of Volyn 423
60 Information on UPA Actions in Volyn in the Spring of 1943 424
61 Report on Raid by Hordiienko’s UPA Unit into the Zhytomyr Region 427
62 Order of the UPA Command in Volyn concerning Defence against the Germans 429
63 Announcement about the Liquidation of the German Agent, Yurii Sokolovsky 431
64 Report on Battles between the Trembita Training Camp and the Germans 432
65 Description of a Battle between German Units and the UPA (and Azerbaijanis) 434
66 Report on German Roundup at Ivan Franko Theatre in Stanyslaviv 435
67 Report on the Battle between the Chorni Chorty Group and the Germans 443
68 Instruction: Change in Fighting Tactics and Shifting Fronts 445
69 Guidelines of the German Command towards the UPA 447
70 German Executions of OUN Members 449
71 Report on UPA Battles against the Germans in the Vinnytsia Region 452
72 Extract from Indictment of a UPA Battalion Commander for Collaborating with Germans 454
73 About Relations between the UPA Unit Commanded by Maksym Skorupsky and the Germans 456
74 Information on Correspondence between Ukrainian Insurgents and Germans in Trostianets 458
75 Announcement about German Action against the UPA in the Rava-Ruska Okruha 460
76 Report on the UPA’s Anti-German Actions in the Volodymyr Area 462
77 Report on the Battles between Vasyl Andrusiak’s Battalion and the Germans 465
Chapter 8 | the polish-ukrainian conflict
78 Report on Combat Operations Carried Out by UPA Units in July 1943 466
79 Order of the OUN Krai Leadership on the Suspension of Anti-Polish Actions 468
80 Announcement about the Ukrainian-Polish Conflict in Liuboml Raion 469
81 Report on Anti-Polish Action in the Village of Hanachiv 471
82 Testimony on the Destruction of the Ukrainian Village of Sahryn by AK Troops 473
83 Reports on Anti-Polish Actions in Stanyslaviv Region 475
84 Report on Anti-Polish Actions in the Rava-Ruska Area 478
85 Villages in the Hrubeshiv Area Destroyed by Polish Units 482
86 Report on Anti-Polish Actions in the Drohobych Area 484
87 Fragment from a Political Report from the Lviv Region 486
88 Record of Negotiations with the Poles in the Stanyslaviv Region 489
89 Order of the OUN Leader in Zakerzonnia against Deportation of Ukrainians 491
90 Report on a Meeting between the UPA and the ak in the Kholm Region 493
91 Report on the Destruction of the Village of Zavadka Morakhivska bythe Polish Army 502
92 Report on Joint Action of UPA Units and Wolnos´c´ i Niezawisłos´c´ against Hrubeshiv 506
93 Letter of OUN Raion Leader on Deportation of Ukrainians during Operation Vistula 513
Chapter 9 | the ukrainian underground’s resistance to soviet rule
94 Operational Order of UPA Command on the Struggle under Soviet Occupation 515
95 Report on the Battle of Hurby (1944) 519
96 Information about the Soviet Home Front in the Second Half of May 1944 526
97 Report of the Commander of UPA-West about the Shifting Front 530
98 Report on Battles Fought by the UPA Units in Subcarpathia 534
99 Report on a Surprise Attack on Radekhiv by a UPA Unit 535
100 Report on the UPA Activities in Chorny Lis 537
101 Extract from NKVD Report about Insurgent Ambush of Leading Communist Party Members 541
102 Report on an Attack on the City of Probizhna by the UPA 544
103 Report on the Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Village of Ilemia 546
104 Report on Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Nadvirna Area 547
105 Extract from: On the Combat Operations of the UPA and the Armed Underground in the Ukrainian Lands under Muscovite-Bolshevik Occupation, August 1946-August 1947 548
106 Extract from: On the Combat Operations of the UPA and the Armed Underground in the Ukrainian Lands under Muscovite-Bolshevik Occupation, from January to June 1948 596
Chapter 10 | propaganda activities of the ukrainian underground
107 Leaflet: Volunteers in German Military Units 645
108 Leaflet-Appeal: Georgians and Other Peoples of the Caucasus 646
109 Leaflet-Appeal: Comrades, Russian Red Army Soldiers 647
110 Leaflet-Appeal: Ukrainians, Fighters and Commanders of the Red Army 649
111 Leaflet-Appeal: Fighters and Commanders of the Red Army 652
112 Leaflet: Poles 654
113 Instruction of OUN Leadership on Boycott of Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 657
114 Instruction: Concerning Some Political-Propaganda Errors 659
115 “Will the Atomic Bomb Save England? A Response to Churchill”: Article by Yaroslav Starukh 667
116 Instruction: “Facing the East” - Propaganda in Central and Eastern Ukraine 676
117 Leaflet: Peasants of Western Ukraine 680
118 Report on the 1947 Raid by the UPA into the American Occupation Zone of Germany 683
119 Appeal of the Underground Leadership to the Ukrainian Emigration (1949) 692
120 Report on a UPA Raid into Romanian Territory (1949) 703
121 Leaflet: Jews - Citizens of Ukraine 720
122 Announcement about the Underground’s Attitude towards Employees of the Soviet Administration 727
123 Appeal of the UHVR to Peoples of Central and Southern Europe and the Baltic Region 730
124 Order by the UPA Supreme Commander on the Tenth Anniversary of the UPA 739
125 Appeal Issued by the Supreme Commander of the UPA 743
Part Three: Soviet Security Organs and the Struggle against the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, 1940-50
Chapter 11 | command assessments of the upa’s struggle
126 Order by People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Lavrentiy Beria on Repression of Families of Members of the Underground (1944) 755
127 Order concerning Measures on the Intensification of the Struggle against the OUN Underground and the Liquidation of Armed OUN Gangs in the Western Oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR 757
128 Information on the Activities of NKVD Agent Drozd 763
129 Order by People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR: On Additional Measures in the Struggle against OUN and UPA Banditry on the Territory of Stanyslaviv Oblast 766
130 Reminiscences of Stryisky about His Arrest and Imprisonment (1945) 769
131 Extract from Report on the Special Groups by the NKVD’s Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry of the Ukrainian ssr, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 781
132 Extract from Report on the Anti-UPA Stanyslaviv Operation Prepared by the Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 784
133 Guidelines to Heads of NKVD Directorates in Western Oblasts concerning the Struggle against OUN Agents in Soviet Institutions 790
134 Yulia Sholohon’s Pledge to Collaborate with the NKVD 792
135 Guidelines Issued to Heads of NKVD Directorates in Western Oblasts concerning the Struggle against the OUN in the Cities 794
136 Extract from a Report on the Operation to Capture the OUN Leader of Bukovyna by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry, Covering the First Six Months of 1945 796
137 Extract from a Report on the Increase in the Number of Soviet Agents Enlisted in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground, Prepared by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditr(July-September 1945) 801
138 Extract from a Report on the Number of Soviet Agents Enlisted in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground, Preparted by the NKVD Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry (September-December 1945) 803
139 Extract from a Report Prepared by the Directorate for the Struggle against Banditry of the NKVD concerning the Main Tasks for the First Quarter of 1946 (September-December 1945) 806
140 Information on Chekist-Military Operations in Late 1945 807
141 Operational Announcement about Results of the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground in the Lviv Region as of 1 March 1946 809
142 Special Announcement about the Failure of NKVD Agent Aprelskaia 819
143 Information from the Ukrainian Underground: The Tactics and Methods of the NKVD and NKGB 824
144 Announcement about the Killing of the Head of the OUN’s SB, Mykola Arsenych (“Mykhailo”) 830
145 Ukrainian Underground’s Report on Mass Deportations during Operation Zapad 833
146 Extract from Report on Results of the Struggle against the Nationalist Underground and the Arrest of UHVR President, Kyrylo Osmak (1948) 841
147 Plan of Intelligence-Operational Measures to Liquidate Members of the OUN Leadership 845
148 The Underground’s Announcement about an MGB Roundup in the Rohatyn Area 851
149 Description of the Hideout of “Loboda,” Leader of the Kamianka-Buzka Nadraion 853
150 Violations of Soviet Laws by MGB Organs during the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground 855
151 Information on the Number of Soviet Agents Searching for the OUN Leadership 858
152 Information on the Killing of the UPA’s Supreme Commander, Roman Shukhevych (1950) 859
153 MGB Guidelines for Preparation/Use of Fake Photographs of Ukrainian Underground Members 872
154 Minutes of MGB Meeting on “Fighting Groups” in the Struggle against the Ukrainian Underground 873
155 MGB Information on the Ukrainian Underground’s Change of Tactics 898
156 MGB Information on OUN Attempts to Expand Activities beyond Western Ukraine 912
157 Extract from a Special MGB Report on the Liquidation of Osyp, a Courier (1951) 917
158 MGB Information on the Propaganda Activities of the Nationalist Underground 921
159 Information on the Capture of Courier Petro Styranka (“Maksym”) - (1951) 924
160 Report on the Capture of the Last Leader of the Ukrainian Underground, Vasyl Kuk (“Lemish/Koval”) - (1954) 926
161 Extract from a KGB Report on the Struggle against the Ukrainian
Underground, 1944-55 937
Glossary 943
Index 947
