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Framing Our PastConstructing Canadian Women's History in the Twentieth Century |
eBook Available
This startling collection gives voice to Canadian women's experiences and accomplishments during the twentieth century.
2002 CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF FOUNDATIONS IN EDUCATION BOOK AWARD
Framing Our Past is about women's lived experience. Drawing from diaries, oral history, letters, organizational records, paintings, quilts, dressmaking patterns, milliners' records, and posters, the contributors offer fresh interpretations of this historical material and unique insights into the lives of individual Canadian women who expanded the boundaries of traditional roles.
Lavishly illustrated, Framing Our Past looks at women and their social rituals with other women, organized sporting clubs, philanthropic, spiritual and aesthetic activities, study and reading groups. The authors explore women's roles as nurturers and keepers of the hearth and in family management, child care, and health care. They highlight women's work in areas as diverse as domestic labour, nursing, dressmaking, broadcasting, and banking as well as women's contributions to education and their instrumental political role in consumer activism, social work, and peace movements.
Framing Our Past is about women's lived experience. Drawing from diaries, oral history, letters, organizational records, paintings, quilts, dressmaking patterns, milliners' records, and posters, the contributors offer fresh interpretations of this historical material and unique insights into the lives of individual Canadian women who expanded the boundaries of traditional roles.
Lavishly illustrated, Framing Our Past looks at women and their social rituals with other women, organized sporting clubs, philanthropic, spiritual and aesthetic activities, study and reading groups. The authors explore women's roles as nurturers and keepers of the hearth and in family management, child care, and health care. They highlight women's work in areas as diverse as domestic labour, nursing, dressmaking, broadcasting, and banking as well as women's contributions to education and their instrumental political role in consumer activism, social work, and peace movements.
Details
532 Pages, 10 x 10
200 b&w photographs
ISBN 9780773531598
July 2006
Formats: Paperback, Cloth, eBook
Sharon Anne Cook is professor, education, University of Ottawa.
Lorna R. McLean is assistant professor, education, University of Ottawa.
Kate O'Rourke is an archivist, Special Collections, Archives of Ontario.
Lorna R. McLean is assistant professor, education, University of Ottawa.
Kate O'Rourke is an archivist, Special Collections, Archives of Ontario.
Framing Our Past
Edited by Sharon Anne Cook, Lorna McLean, and Kate O'Rourke
Table of Contents
Foreword Chad Gaffield xvii
Preface Alison Prentice xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction Sharon Anne Cook, Lorna R. McLean, and Kate O'Rourke xxiii
Suggestions on How to Use This Book xxix
PART ONE LIVING WOMEN'S LIVES
1 Introduction Veronica Strong-Boag 3
Sidebar: Fanny Bobbie Rosenfeld 3
Sidebar: Lucy Maud Montgomery 5
2 "Club": Laundering Clothing in Newfoundland Kathleen Wilker 7
3 Vignette: Stirring the Pot* 9
4 Winnipeg Women Getting Together: Study Groups and Reading Clubs, 1900-1940
Jody Baltessen and Shelagh J. Squire 10
5 Vignette: Life in the Town of Nelson, British Columbia Brenda Hornby 15
6 "Doing All the Rest": Church Women of the Ladies' Aid Society Marilyn F?rdig Whiteley 18
7 Preserving Habits: Memory within Communities of English Canadian Women Religious Elizabeth Smyth 22
*Unless otherwise indicated, vignettes are authored by the editors.
8 Mildred Armstrong and Missionary Culture Marjorie Levan 27
9 Vignette: Women's Spiritual Lives 33
10 E. Pauline Johnson: Mohawk-English Writer and Performer Veronica Strong-Boag 35
Sidebar: Emma Albani 36
11 Vignette: Two Perspectives on Urban Living Mairuth Sarsfield
Mairuth Hodge Sarsfield 39
Sidebar: Margaret Marshall Saunders 39
Gabrielle Roy Pierrette Roily 40
12 Ada Gladys Killins: Sacrificing for Art's Sake Sharon Anne Cook 41
13 Vignette: The Road Less Taken -The Single Woman as Artist
The Unmarried Woman Artist: Emily Carr Sonia Halpern 45
Isabel and Helen Stadelbauer: Art Teachers in Calgary Helen Diemert 46
14 A Sense of Place in Alberta: The Art and Life of Annora Brown Kirstin Evenden 48
15 Vignette: Yukon Women Pioneers
Edith Josie: "These Are the News" Charlene Porsild 52
Martha Louise Black 53
16 Alice Peck, May Phillips, and the Canadian Handicrafts Guild Ellen Easton McLeod 54
17 Vignette: Life in a Native Community 57
18 Helen Kalvak: Pioneering Inuit Print-maker Jessica Tomic-Bagshaw 60
19 Virginia J. Watt: Champion of Inuit Arts and Crafts Ellen Easton McLeod 62
20 A Century of Artistic Experience and Innovation Anne Newlands 65
PART TWO FAMILY AND THE HOME
21 Introduction Cynthia R. Comacchio 75
22 Zoe Laurier, Prime Minister's Wife: Family Ideals at the Turn of the Century Catherine Vye 82
23 "A Hardier Stock of Womankind": Alice Barrett Parke in British Columbia Jo Eraser Jones 86
24 Life on the Frontier: Remembering the Coal Mining Camp at Cadomin, 1929-1934
Edith Wheeler 96
25 Women and Domestic Technology: Household Drudgery, "Democratized Consumption;' and Patriarchy Dianne Dodd 101
26 Defining the Lives of Rural Women: Laura Rose on "The Womanly Sphere of Woman" Margaret Kechnie 111
27 "Such Outrageous Discrimination": Farm Women and Their Family Grievances in Early Twentieth-Century Ontario Monda Halpern 116
28 Between the Rock and a Hard Place: Single Mothers in St John's, Newfoundland, during the Second World War Ruth Haywood 124
29 Prudence Heward: Painting at Home Pepita Ferrari 129
30 Mothering the Dionne Quintuplets: Women's Stories Katherine Arnup 134
31 Saving Mothers and Babies: Motherhood, Medicine, and the Modern State, 1900-1945 Cynthia R. Comacchio 139
PART THREE TEACHING AND LEARNING
32 Introduction Nicole Neatby 149
33 Shaping Canada's Women: Canadian Girls in Training versus Girl Guides Patricia Dirks 155
34 The Experience of Women Students at Four Universities, 1895-1930 Alyson E. King 160
Sidebar: Grace Annie Lockhart 160
35 Margaret Addison: Dean of Residence and Dean of Women at Victoria University, 1903-1931 Jean O'Grady l66
36 The "Feminization" of High Schools: The Problem of Women Secondary School Teachers in Ontario Susan Gelman 170
37 Writing for Whom? Isabel Murphy Skelton and Canadian History in the Early Twentieth Century Terry Crowley 174
38 The Rideau Street Convent School: French-Language Private Schooling in Ontario
Isabelle Bourgeois 178
39 "The School on Fardy's Cross": Shamrock School Remembered Pat Trites 184
40 Vignette: Women, Team Sport, and Physical Education
Women and Physical Education Ellen O'Reilly 189
Women and Team Sport Veronica Strong-Boag 192
Montreal Sportswomen and the Penguin Ski Club Andrea Winlo 193
41 From Elegance and Expression to Sweat and Strength: Physical Education at the Margaret Eaton School Anna H. Lathrop 194
PART FOUR WOMEN'S ACTIVISM AND THE STATE
42 Introduction Joan Sangster 201
Sidebar: Adelaide Hunter Hoodless 201
Sidebar: Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire 208
43 History and Human Agency: The Case of Agnes Macphail, Canada's First Woman Member of Parliament Terry Crowley 212
44 The Persons Case, 1929: A Legal Definition of Women as Persons Anne White 216
45 Women, the Settlement Movement, and State Formation in the Early Twentieth Century
Cathy James 222
46 The Historical Record and Adolescent Girls in Montreal's Red-Light District Tamara Myers 228
47 Charlotte Whitton: Pioneering Social Worker and Public Policy Activist Judith Roberts-Moore 232
48 Consuming Issues: Women in the Left, Political Protest, and the Organization of Homemakers, 1920-1960 Joan Sangster 240
49 Making Ourselves Heard: "Voice of Women" and the Peace Movement in the Early Sixties Candace Loewen 248
50 The Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, 1967-1970: Liberal Feminism and Its Radical Implications Kimberly Speers 252
Sidebar: Lady Ishbel Aberdeen 252
51 Florence Bird Judi Cumming 257
52 Women, Peace Activism, and the Environment: Rosalie Bertell and the Development of a Feminist Agenda, 1970?s-1990?s Judi Cumming 259
53 State Control of Women's Immigration: The Passage to Canada of South Asian Women
Helen Ralston 263
54 Making Space: Women Building Culture Janice Hladki and Ann Holmes 267
55 Feminist Theatre in Toronto: A Look at the Nightwood Theatre Corinne Rusch-Drutz 271
PART FIVE HEALTH CARE AND SCIENCE
56 Introduction Wendy Mitchinson 277
57 The Ladies Committee of the Home for Incurable Children
Magda Zakanyi 284
58 Margaret Scott: "The Angel of Poverty Row" Tamara Miller 287
59 "Hardly Feminine Work!" Violet Wilson and the Canadian Voluntary Aid Detachment Nurses of the First World War Linda I. Quiney 289
Sidebar: Major Margaret C. Macdonald 291
60 The Emergence of Physiotherapy as a New Profession for Canadian Women, 1914-1918
Ruby Heap 295
61 Ethel Currant: Portrait of a Grenfell Nurse Jill Perry 300
62 Vera Peters: Medical Innovator J. Catton and P; Catton 305
63 Norah Toole: Scientist and Social Activist Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley 308
64 Alice V. Payne, Mining Geologist: A Lifetime of "Small and Difficult Things"
E. Tina Crossfield 311
65 Vignette: A Case Study of an Oral History Project Shirley Peruniak: Naturalist, Historian, Quetico Provincial Park Interpreter Wilma MacDonald 314
PART SIX EARNING THEIR BREAD
66 Introduction A.B. McCullough 319
Sidebar: Depression Years 325
Sidebar: Pay Equity 326
67 Vignette: An Oral History Case Study
A Barnardo Girl Becomes a Servant at Glanmore Christine Zaporzan 333
68 Bringing "Domestics" to Canada: A Study of Immigration Propaganda Ellen Scheinberg 336
69 Women in the Newfoundland Fishery Miriam Wright 343
70 Vignette: Madeleine Constant, Leader in the Pasta Industry Lise Bremault 347
71 Creative Ability and Business Sense: The Millinery Trade in Ontario Christina Bates 348
72 Our Mothers' Patterns: Sewing and Dressmaking in the Japanese-Canadian Community
Susan Michi Sirovyak 359
73 Federica and Angelina: Postwar Italian-Canadian Couturiers in Toronto Alexandra Palmer 366
74 Fabrications: Clothing, Generations, and Stitching Together the History We Live
Kathryn Church 372
75 The Telephone Operator: From "Information Central" to Endangered Species Caroline Martel (translated by Rosemary Covert) 376
76 Ann Meekitjuk Hanson: Inuit Broadcaster, Interpreter, and Community Worker
Christine Lalonde 378
77 Cultural Nationalism and Maternal Feminism: Madge Macbeth as Writer, Broadcaster, and Literary Figure Peggy Kelly 381
78 "The Day of the Strong-Minded Frump Has Passed": Women Journalists and News of Feminism Barbara M. Freeman 385
Sidebar: Jean McKishnie Blewett 385
79 Women in Banking: A Case Study of Scotiabank Jane Nokes and Lisa Singer 392
80 Vignette: The Keroacks, a Family of Business Women Lise Bremault 395
81 "The Queen of the Hurricanes": Elsie Gregory MacGill, Aeronautical Engineer and Women's Advocate Pamela Wakewich 396
82 The Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service during the Second World War: An Exploration of Their Archival Legacy Donna Porter 402
83 Vignette: "Not Just 'Rosie the Riveter. .."' 407
84 Women's Wartime Work and Identities: Women Workers at Canadian Car and Foundry Co. Limited, Fort William, Ontario, 1938-1945
Pamela Wakewich, Helen Smith, and Jeanette Lynes 409
85 Foreign-Aid Worker and Humanitarian Lotta Hitschmanova and the Unitarian Service Committee of Canada Grace Hyam 417
Appendix One: Archival Sources Identified by Essay/Vignette 423
Appendix Two: Cross-Referenced Essay Index 427
Notes 431
Selected Readings 485
Contributors 489
Edited by Sharon Anne Cook, Lorna McLean, and Kate O'Rourke
Table of Contents
Foreword Chad Gaffield xvii
Preface Alison Prentice xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction Sharon Anne Cook, Lorna R. McLean, and Kate O'Rourke xxiii
Suggestions on How to Use This Book xxix
PART ONE LIVING WOMEN'S LIVES
1 Introduction Veronica Strong-Boag 3
Sidebar: Fanny Bobbie Rosenfeld 3
Sidebar: Lucy Maud Montgomery 5
2 "Club": Laundering Clothing in Newfoundland Kathleen Wilker 7
3 Vignette: Stirring the Pot* 9
4 Winnipeg Women Getting Together: Study Groups and Reading Clubs, 1900-1940
Jody Baltessen and Shelagh J. Squire 10
5 Vignette: Life in the Town of Nelson, British Columbia Brenda Hornby 15
6 "Doing All the Rest": Church Women of the Ladies' Aid Society Marilyn F?rdig Whiteley 18
7 Preserving Habits: Memory within Communities of English Canadian Women Religious Elizabeth Smyth 22
*Unless otherwise indicated, vignettes are authored by the editors.
8 Mildred Armstrong and Missionary Culture Marjorie Levan 27
9 Vignette: Women's Spiritual Lives 33
10 E. Pauline Johnson: Mohawk-English Writer and Performer Veronica Strong-Boag 35
Sidebar: Emma Albani 36
11 Vignette: Two Perspectives on Urban Living Mairuth Sarsfield
Mairuth Hodge Sarsfield 39
Sidebar: Margaret Marshall Saunders 39
Gabrielle Roy Pierrette Roily 40
12 Ada Gladys Killins: Sacrificing for Art's Sake Sharon Anne Cook 41
13 Vignette: The Road Less Taken -The Single Woman as Artist
The Unmarried Woman Artist: Emily Carr Sonia Halpern 45
Isabel and Helen Stadelbauer: Art Teachers in Calgary Helen Diemert 46
14 A Sense of Place in Alberta: The Art and Life of Annora Brown Kirstin Evenden 48
15 Vignette: Yukon Women Pioneers
Edith Josie: "These Are the News" Charlene Porsild 52
Martha Louise Black 53
16 Alice Peck, May Phillips, and the Canadian Handicrafts Guild Ellen Easton McLeod 54
17 Vignette: Life in a Native Community 57
18 Helen Kalvak: Pioneering Inuit Print-maker Jessica Tomic-Bagshaw 60
19 Virginia J. Watt: Champion of Inuit Arts and Crafts Ellen Easton McLeod 62
20 A Century of Artistic Experience and Innovation Anne Newlands 65
PART TWO FAMILY AND THE HOME
21 Introduction Cynthia R. Comacchio 75
22 Zoe Laurier, Prime Minister's Wife: Family Ideals at the Turn of the Century Catherine Vye 82
23 "A Hardier Stock of Womankind": Alice Barrett Parke in British Columbia Jo Eraser Jones 86
24 Life on the Frontier: Remembering the Coal Mining Camp at Cadomin, 1929-1934
Edith Wheeler 96
25 Women and Domestic Technology: Household Drudgery, "Democratized Consumption;' and Patriarchy Dianne Dodd 101
26 Defining the Lives of Rural Women: Laura Rose on "The Womanly Sphere of Woman" Margaret Kechnie 111
27 "Such Outrageous Discrimination": Farm Women and Their Family Grievances in Early Twentieth-Century Ontario Monda Halpern 116
28 Between the Rock and a Hard Place: Single Mothers in St John's, Newfoundland, during the Second World War Ruth Haywood 124
29 Prudence Heward: Painting at Home Pepita Ferrari 129
30 Mothering the Dionne Quintuplets: Women's Stories Katherine Arnup 134
31 Saving Mothers and Babies: Motherhood, Medicine, and the Modern State, 1900-1945 Cynthia R. Comacchio 139
PART THREE TEACHING AND LEARNING
32 Introduction Nicole Neatby 149
33 Shaping Canada's Women: Canadian Girls in Training versus Girl Guides Patricia Dirks 155
34 The Experience of Women Students at Four Universities, 1895-1930 Alyson E. King 160
Sidebar: Grace Annie Lockhart 160
35 Margaret Addison: Dean of Residence and Dean of Women at Victoria University, 1903-1931 Jean O'Grady l66
36 The "Feminization" of High Schools: The Problem of Women Secondary School Teachers in Ontario Susan Gelman 170
37 Writing for Whom? Isabel Murphy Skelton and Canadian History in the Early Twentieth Century Terry Crowley 174
38 The Rideau Street Convent School: French-Language Private Schooling in Ontario
Isabelle Bourgeois 178
39 "The School on Fardy's Cross": Shamrock School Remembered Pat Trites 184
40 Vignette: Women, Team Sport, and Physical Education
Women and Physical Education Ellen O'Reilly 189
Women and Team Sport Veronica Strong-Boag 192
Montreal Sportswomen and the Penguin Ski Club Andrea Winlo 193
41 From Elegance and Expression to Sweat and Strength: Physical Education at the Margaret Eaton School Anna H. Lathrop 194
PART FOUR WOMEN'S ACTIVISM AND THE STATE
42 Introduction Joan Sangster 201
Sidebar: Adelaide Hunter Hoodless 201
Sidebar: Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire 208
43 History and Human Agency: The Case of Agnes Macphail, Canada's First Woman Member of Parliament Terry Crowley 212
44 The Persons Case, 1929: A Legal Definition of Women as Persons Anne White 216
45 Women, the Settlement Movement, and State Formation in the Early Twentieth Century
Cathy James 222
46 The Historical Record and Adolescent Girls in Montreal's Red-Light District Tamara Myers 228
47 Charlotte Whitton: Pioneering Social Worker and Public Policy Activist Judith Roberts-Moore 232
48 Consuming Issues: Women in the Left, Political Protest, and the Organization of Homemakers, 1920-1960 Joan Sangster 240
49 Making Ourselves Heard: "Voice of Women" and the Peace Movement in the Early Sixties Candace Loewen 248
50 The Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, 1967-1970: Liberal Feminism and Its Radical Implications Kimberly Speers 252
Sidebar: Lady Ishbel Aberdeen 252
51 Florence Bird Judi Cumming 257
52 Women, Peace Activism, and the Environment: Rosalie Bertell and the Development of a Feminist Agenda, 1970?s-1990?s Judi Cumming 259
53 State Control of Women's Immigration: The Passage to Canada of South Asian Women
Helen Ralston 263
54 Making Space: Women Building Culture Janice Hladki and Ann Holmes 267
55 Feminist Theatre in Toronto: A Look at the Nightwood Theatre Corinne Rusch-Drutz 271
PART FIVE HEALTH CARE AND SCIENCE
56 Introduction Wendy Mitchinson 277
57 The Ladies Committee of the Home for Incurable Children
Magda Zakanyi 284
58 Margaret Scott: "The Angel of Poverty Row" Tamara Miller 287
59 "Hardly Feminine Work!" Violet Wilson and the Canadian Voluntary Aid Detachment Nurses of the First World War Linda I. Quiney 289
Sidebar: Major Margaret C. Macdonald 291
60 The Emergence of Physiotherapy as a New Profession for Canadian Women, 1914-1918
Ruby Heap 295
61 Ethel Currant: Portrait of a Grenfell Nurse Jill Perry 300
62 Vera Peters: Medical Innovator J. Catton and P; Catton 305
63 Norah Toole: Scientist and Social Activist Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley 308
64 Alice V. Payne, Mining Geologist: A Lifetime of "Small and Difficult Things"
E. Tina Crossfield 311
65 Vignette: A Case Study of an Oral History Project Shirley Peruniak: Naturalist, Historian, Quetico Provincial Park Interpreter Wilma MacDonald 314
PART SIX EARNING THEIR BREAD
66 Introduction A.B. McCullough 319
Sidebar: Depression Years 325
Sidebar: Pay Equity 326
67 Vignette: An Oral History Case Study
A Barnardo Girl Becomes a Servant at Glanmore Christine Zaporzan 333
68 Bringing "Domestics" to Canada: A Study of Immigration Propaganda Ellen Scheinberg 336
69 Women in the Newfoundland Fishery Miriam Wright 343
70 Vignette: Madeleine Constant, Leader in the Pasta Industry Lise Bremault 347
71 Creative Ability and Business Sense: The Millinery Trade in Ontario Christina Bates 348
72 Our Mothers' Patterns: Sewing and Dressmaking in the Japanese-Canadian Community
Susan Michi Sirovyak 359
73 Federica and Angelina: Postwar Italian-Canadian Couturiers in Toronto Alexandra Palmer 366
74 Fabrications: Clothing, Generations, and Stitching Together the History We Live
Kathryn Church 372
75 The Telephone Operator: From "Information Central" to Endangered Species Caroline Martel (translated by Rosemary Covert) 376
76 Ann Meekitjuk Hanson: Inuit Broadcaster, Interpreter, and Community Worker
Christine Lalonde 378
77 Cultural Nationalism and Maternal Feminism: Madge Macbeth as Writer, Broadcaster, and Literary Figure Peggy Kelly 381
78 "The Day of the Strong-Minded Frump Has Passed": Women Journalists and News of Feminism Barbara M. Freeman 385
Sidebar: Jean McKishnie Blewett 385
79 Women in Banking: A Case Study of Scotiabank Jane Nokes and Lisa Singer 392
80 Vignette: The Keroacks, a Family of Business Women Lise Bremault 395
81 "The Queen of the Hurricanes": Elsie Gregory MacGill, Aeronautical Engineer and Women's Advocate Pamela Wakewich 396
82 The Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service during the Second World War: An Exploration of Their Archival Legacy Donna Porter 402
83 Vignette: "Not Just 'Rosie the Riveter. .."' 407
84 Women's Wartime Work and Identities: Women Workers at Canadian Car and Foundry Co. Limited, Fort William, Ontario, 1938-1945
Pamela Wakewich, Helen Smith, and Jeanette Lynes 409
85 Foreign-Aid Worker and Humanitarian Lotta Hitschmanova and the Unitarian Service Committee of Canada Grace Hyam 417
Appendix One: Archival Sources Identified by Essay/Vignette 423
Appendix Two: Cross-Referenced Essay Index 427
Notes 431
Selected Readings 485
Contributors 489
Winner
CAFE Book Award
Canadian Association of Foundations of Education Book Award (2002)
CAFE Book Award
Canadian Association of Foundations of Education Book Award (2002)
