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The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy, Fourth Edition |
eBook Available
This book analyses the deeply political context of how foreign policy is made in Canada. Taking a broad historical perspective, it provides the key foundations for the analysis of Canadian foreign policy. It argues that foreign policy is forged in the nexus of politics at three levels-the global, the domestic, and the governmental-and that to understand how and why Canadian foreign policy looks as it does, one must look at the interplay of all three.
The fourth edition of this widely-used book includes updates of the many changes that have occurred in Canadian foreign policy under Stephen Harper and the Conservatives, including the evanescence of the internationalism, the rise of a new foreign policy agenda increasingly shaped by domestic political imperatives, and the changing organization of Canada’s foreign policy bureaucracy.
The fourth edition of this widely-used book includes updates of the many changes that have occurred in Canadian foreign policy under Stephen Harper and the Conservatives, including the evanescence of the internationalism, the rise of a new foreign policy agenda increasingly shaped by domestic political imperatives, and the changing organization of Canada’s foreign policy bureaucracy.
Details
Part of the Queen's Policy Studies Series (number 188 in series)
424 Pages, 6 x 9
Queen's Policy Studies Series - School of Policy Studies
ISBN 9781553394433
December 2015
Formats: Paperback, eBook
Kim Richard Nossal is a professor in the Department of Political Studies and the Centre for International and Defence Policy, Queen’s University.
Stéphane Roussel is a professor at École nationale d’administration publique.
Stéphane Paquin is a professor and the Canada Research Chair in international and comparative political economy at École nationale d’administration publique.
Stéphane Roussel is a professor at École nationale d’administration publique.
Stéphane Paquin is a professor and the Canada Research Chair in international and comparative political economy at École nationale d’administration publique.
CONTENTS
________
Preface....................................xiii
A Note to Students.........................xvii
About the Authors......................... xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations.................xxiii
1. Introduction: Analyzing Canadian Foreign Policy..........1
What is Foreign Policy?.....................................2
What Determines Foreign Policy?.............................6
The International Setting...........................6
Domestic Politics...................................9
Governmental Politics...............................12
Identity and History........................................13
Conclusion..................................................15
Notes.......................................................15
PART I · THE POLICY SETTING.................................19
2. Canada’s International Location..........................21
Neighbourhood...............................................23
Geostrategic Location.......................................25
The “Long Peace”....................................25
The “Kingston Dispensation” of 1938.................27
The Cold War “Glacis”...............................29
The Post-Cold War Era...............................31
The Post-9/11 Era...................................31
Economic Structure..........................................34
The Dynamics of Group Membership............................39
International Institutions..........................39
Clubs and Coalitions................................41
Alliances...........................................45
Material Capabilities.......................................49
Conclusion..................................................50
Notes.......................................................51
3. Power and Status: Canada’s International Influence.......60
Images of Canada’s Power....................................61
Canada as Middle Power..............................61
Middlepowermanship in Question......................64
Alternative Images of Canada’s Power................66
Assessing Images of Canada’s Power: Normative Corollaries...69
Rethinking Canada’s Power: A Power Analysis Approach........70
Techniques of Power and Influence...........................72
The Use of Force and the Canadian Military..........72
Punishments and Threats: Sanctions and Coercion.....76
Diplomacy: The Art of Persuasion....................79
Power and Canadian-American Relations.......................81
Conclusion..................................................86
Notes.......................................................87
4. Society and Foreign Policy...............................97
Societal Interests..........................................98
Ethnic Interests....................................98
Egoistic Interests..................................105
Altruistic Interests................................114
The Influence of Societal Actors............................119
The Policymaking Environment................................120
The Decision-Making Process.........................123
Electoral Politics and Foreign Policy...............126
Conclusion..................................................128
Notes.......................................................129
5. Dominant Ideas in Foreign Policy.........................135
Ideas, Culture, and International Relations.................135
Before the Great War: Imperialism...........................138
Between the Wars: Isolationism..............................146
The Cold War Era: Internationalism..........................150
The Post-Cold War Era: Ideas in Flux........................155
The Post-9/11 Era: After Internationalism?..................160
Conclusion..................................................169
Notes.......................................................171
PART II · ACTORS AND PROCESSES..............................181
6. The Prime Minister and Foreign Policy....................183
The Preeminence of the Prime Minister.......................184
Robert L. Borden (1911-1920)........................185
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921-1926, 1926-1930,
1935-1948)........................................186
Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1968-1979, 1980-1984).......187
Brian Mulroney (1984-1993)..........................190
Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)...........................193
Paul Martin (2003-2006).............................194
Stephen Harper (2006- ).............................196
The Sources of Preeminence..................................198
The Power of Appointment............................199
Conclusion..................................................200
Notes.......................................................201
7. The Prime Minister and Summit Diplomacy..................206
Contemporary Summit Diplomacy...............................207
The Prime Minister’s Summit Calendar........................208
The G7 Summit.......................................209
The G-20 Summit.....................................212
The Commonwealth....................................213
La Francophonie.....................................216
Presidents and Prime Ministers......................220
Conclusion..................................................230
Notes.......................................................231
8. Widening the Circle: Other Ministers.....................237
The Key Ministers...........................................237
The Minister of Foreign Affairs.....................238
The Minister of National Defence....................244
Other Ministers.............................................247
The Minister of International Trade.................248
The Minister for La Francophonie....................250
The Minister of International Development...........252
Ministers of State..................................254
Cabinet Involvement in Foreign Policy.......................255
Conclusion..................................................257
Notes.......................................................258
9. The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy...........................261
Organizing for Foreign Affairs..............................262
The Early Years: 1867-1909..........................263
Modest Beginnings: 1909-1939........................264
Expansion: 1939-1968................................266
Reorganizing the Foreign Policy Machinery: 1968-2013...268
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Today................277
The Influence of the Bureaucracy............................279
Ministers and Mandarins.............................279
Assessing Bureaucratic Influence....................283
Conclusion..................................................285
Notes.......................................................285
10. Parliament and Foreign Policy...........................291
Parties and Parliament......................................291
Limited Powers, Limited Influence?..........................293
The Senate..................................................296
The House of Commons........................................301
Creating Legitimacy.................................301
Speaking for Voters: The Representative Function....305
Speaking to Voters: The Educative Function..........306
Commons Committees..................................307
Parties and Foreign Policy..................................310
Consensus and Dissensus in Foreign Policy...........310
Strategic Consensus, 1919-1991......................312
Divergence over Trade Policy, 1911-1993.............312
The Era of Dissensus, 1993-2015.....................313
Conclusion..................................................316
Notes.......................................................317
11. The Provinces and Foreign Policy........................323
Sovereignty and Paradiplomacy...............................323
Federalism and International Relations......................328
The Canadian Constitution and Foreign Policy........329
International Treaties..............................330
NAFTA and Province-State Relations..................334
Organizing for International Affairs........................335
Representation Abroad...............................336
Bureaucratization at Home...........................338
International Interests of the Provinces....................340
Economic Interests..................................341
Environmental Interests.............................341
Security Interests..................................343
Political Interests.................................344
Conclusion..................................................345
Notes.......................................................346
12. Québec’s Paradiplomatie identitaire.....................352
Québec as an International Actor............................352
The Origins of Québec’s Paradiplomatie identitaire..........354
Québec’s Paradiplomacy, 1965-2015...........................356
Projecting Outwards, 1965-1976......................356
The PQ and Protodiplomacy, 1976-1983................360
Conservatives and Liberals, 1984-1993...............364
Protodiplomacy Redux, 1994-1995.....................364
Paradiplomacy After 1995............................368
Paradiplomacy, Protodiplomacy, and Foreign Policy...........370
Conclusion..................................................372
Notes.......................................................372
Index ......................................................377
________
Preface....................................xiii
A Note to Students.........................xvii
About the Authors......................... xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations.................xxiii
1. Introduction: Analyzing Canadian Foreign Policy..........1
What is Foreign Policy?.....................................2
What Determines Foreign Policy?.............................6
The International Setting...........................6
Domestic Politics...................................9
Governmental Politics...............................12
Identity and History........................................13
Conclusion..................................................15
Notes.......................................................15
PART I · THE POLICY SETTING.................................19
2. Canada’s International Location..........................21
Neighbourhood...............................................23
Geostrategic Location.......................................25
The “Long Peace”....................................25
The “Kingston Dispensation” of 1938.................27
The Cold War “Glacis”...............................29
The Post-Cold War Era...............................31
The Post-9/11 Era...................................31
Economic Structure..........................................34
The Dynamics of Group Membership............................39
International Institutions..........................39
Clubs and Coalitions................................41
Alliances...........................................45
Material Capabilities.......................................49
Conclusion..................................................50
Notes.......................................................51
3. Power and Status: Canada’s International Influence.......60
Images of Canada’s Power....................................61
Canada as Middle Power..............................61
Middlepowermanship in Question......................64
Alternative Images of Canada’s Power................66
Assessing Images of Canada’s Power: Normative Corollaries...69
Rethinking Canada’s Power: A Power Analysis Approach........70
Techniques of Power and Influence...........................72
The Use of Force and the Canadian Military..........72
Punishments and Threats: Sanctions and Coercion.....76
Diplomacy: The Art of Persuasion....................79
Power and Canadian-American Relations.......................81
Conclusion..................................................86
Notes.......................................................87
4. Society and Foreign Policy...............................97
Societal Interests..........................................98
Ethnic Interests....................................98
Egoistic Interests..................................105
Altruistic Interests................................114
The Influence of Societal Actors............................119
The Policymaking Environment................................120
The Decision-Making Process.........................123
Electoral Politics and Foreign Policy...............126
Conclusion..................................................128
Notes.......................................................129
5. Dominant Ideas in Foreign Policy.........................135
Ideas, Culture, and International Relations.................135
Before the Great War: Imperialism...........................138
Between the Wars: Isolationism..............................146
The Cold War Era: Internationalism..........................150
The Post-Cold War Era: Ideas in Flux........................155
The Post-9/11 Era: After Internationalism?..................160
Conclusion..................................................169
Notes.......................................................171
PART II · ACTORS AND PROCESSES..............................181
6. The Prime Minister and Foreign Policy....................183
The Preeminence of the Prime Minister.......................184
Robert L. Borden (1911-1920)........................185
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921-1926, 1926-1930,
1935-1948)........................................186
Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1968-1979, 1980-1984).......187
Brian Mulroney (1984-1993)..........................190
Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)...........................193
Paul Martin (2003-2006).............................194
Stephen Harper (2006- ).............................196
The Sources of Preeminence..................................198
The Power of Appointment............................199
Conclusion..................................................200
Notes.......................................................201
7. The Prime Minister and Summit Diplomacy..................206
Contemporary Summit Diplomacy...............................207
The Prime Minister’s Summit Calendar........................208
The G7 Summit.......................................209
The G-20 Summit.....................................212
The Commonwealth....................................213
La Francophonie.....................................216
Presidents and Prime Ministers......................220
Conclusion..................................................230
Notes.......................................................231
8. Widening the Circle: Other Ministers.....................237
The Key Ministers...........................................237
The Minister of Foreign Affairs.....................238
The Minister of National Defence....................244
Other Ministers.............................................247
The Minister of International Trade.................248
The Minister for La Francophonie....................250
The Minister of International Development...........252
Ministers of State..................................254
Cabinet Involvement in Foreign Policy.......................255
Conclusion..................................................257
Notes.......................................................258
9. The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy...........................261
Organizing for Foreign Affairs..............................262
The Early Years: 1867-1909..........................263
Modest Beginnings: 1909-1939........................264
Expansion: 1939-1968................................266
Reorganizing the Foreign Policy Machinery: 1968-2013...268
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Today................277
The Influence of the Bureaucracy............................279
Ministers and Mandarins.............................279
Assessing Bureaucratic Influence....................283
Conclusion..................................................285
Notes.......................................................285
10. Parliament and Foreign Policy...........................291
Parties and Parliament......................................291
Limited Powers, Limited Influence?..........................293
The Senate..................................................296
The House of Commons........................................301
Creating Legitimacy.................................301
Speaking for Voters: The Representative Function....305
Speaking to Voters: The Educative Function..........306
Commons Committees..................................307
Parties and Foreign Policy..................................310
Consensus and Dissensus in Foreign Policy...........310
Strategic Consensus, 1919-1991......................312
Divergence over Trade Policy, 1911-1993.............312
The Era of Dissensus, 1993-2015.....................313
Conclusion..................................................316
Notes.......................................................317
11. The Provinces and Foreign Policy........................323
Sovereignty and Paradiplomacy...............................323
Federalism and International Relations......................328
The Canadian Constitution and Foreign Policy........329
International Treaties..............................330
NAFTA and Province-State Relations..................334
Organizing for International Affairs........................335
Representation Abroad...............................336
Bureaucratization at Home...........................338
International Interests of the Provinces....................340
Economic Interests..................................341
Environmental Interests.............................341
Security Interests..................................343
Political Interests.................................344
Conclusion..................................................345
Notes.......................................................346
12. Québec’s Paradiplomatie identitaire.....................352
Québec as an International Actor............................352
The Origins of Québec’s Paradiplomatie identitaire..........354
Québec’s Paradiplomacy, 1965-2015...........................356
Projecting Outwards, 1965-1976......................356
The PQ and Protodiplomacy, 1976-1983................360
Conservatives and Liberals, 1984-1993...............364
Protodiplomacy Redux, 1994-1995.....................364
Paradiplomacy After 1995............................368
Paradiplomacy, Protodiplomacy, and Foreign Policy...........370
Conclusion..................................................372
Notes.......................................................372
Index ......................................................377
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